The Real Future of Recycling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Real Future of Recycling - Essay Example recycling it is meant that the products which are being used once and thrown away are being manufactured in such a way that their raw materials can be used again to form the new products of the same generation. (Mitchell 2007) The logo ‘Reduce, reuse and recycle’ has been derived to lower down the waste products in the world and reuse these waste products to produce new efficient ones. Specific materials are present in this world which can be recycled which are glass, plastics, cans, metals, papers etc. Recycling has grown to be a global issue because of the alarming condition of the resources in this world and it has almost become obligatory on every household and businesses in the developed countries. (Yeoman & McKee 2000). This paper would revolve around the issue of Recycling and would provide both the viewpoints regarding the success or failure of Recycling in this world. The logo ‘Reduce Reuse and Recycle’ is specifically used to depict the process of recycling in this world. In developed countries it is seen that many of the households and businesses have taken special measures which help in recycling products which are being used. Authorities in these developed countries are taking measures which would ensure that recycling rate is increasing. As quoted by Sandy Irvine â€Å"the European Commission is making moves in the same direction.† (1998) Businesses such as shopping markets and business centers have special sites for the dumping of articles which can be recycled. Similarly the citizens in the developed countries are obliged to dump all the products that are used in recycle bins so that they can be used again. Government is intervening in recycling programs by investing in roadside recycling bins and other plants which would help to recycle waste products. The waste products of households are usually taken by waste collect ion vehicles which then take the waste materials to specific plants (Mitchell 2007). As the waste products are a mixture of

Economic Releases and Resulting Market Reactions Research Paper

Economic Releases and Resulting Market Reactions - Research Paper Example The US Economy created 113,000 jobs with unemployment rate dipping to a low of 6.6%. Despite more people gaining employment, decline in hiring rates raised concerns of a slower growth. Rather than the economy taking off, it stumbled. Federal Reserve’s much-anticipated announcement a decision to start scaling back, the monthly asset purchases in January encountered a relatively mute market reaction not just in the US but across the globe. Although US equity markets at first fell on news, markets rallied strongly for remaining part of the month coupled with economic activity improvements as well as reassurance from central bank that its major interest rate would most likely remain near zero until after unemployment in the US fell below 6.5%.Hourly wages increased by 5 cents. As a result of the changes, job changes were recorded with job growth being constrained by sharp decline in public sector. Federal government shed off more than 12,000 jobs, while states and municipalities shed off 17,000 workers. Healthcare increased only 1500 jobs. Consumer spending: consumer spending declined for a 2nd straight month signaling a slowdown in the economy. Retail sales declined 0.4% in January marking the largest drop in the last ten months. The slowing economic fortunes are likely to see further reduction in consumer spending. The Manufacturing sector experienced expansion as shown in PMI, 51.3% although this was drop by 5.2% compared to seasonally adjusted rate of 56.5% in December. However, the reading being more than 50% indicates expansion of the manufacturing sector. The number of unemployed people (10.2 million) as well as the unemployment rate (6.6 %) recorded little change in January. This is a continuous trend from October which has seen joblessness rates reducing by 0.6%. Of the major work groups 20.7% of the unemployed are teenagers, 5.7% are whites, 6.2% are adult men, 12.1% are blacks, 5.9%

The Causes of Deficit Financing in Pakistan

The Causes of Deficit Financing in Pakistan The aim of any government is to fulfill the socioeconomic responsibilities in order to break the vicious cycle of poverty and also uplift the economic conditions. In Pakistan it has been practiced that the aggregate of tax collection and no tax collection revenues are not ample to meet the government expenditure. To fulfill the gap between the spending and revenues so the economist used the perception of deficit financing. The government borrowing from banking and non banking sector and printing new currency is called deficit financing. Deficit financing shows the difference between projected expenditure and projected spending. To fill the gap of government borrows from 1) state bank of the country 2) borrow from commercial banks 3) borrows from non financial sector such as saving centers, insurance companies 4) the last source is printing new notes known as deficit financing. Deficit financing is a situation where government spends more money than its revenue collection. Deficit financing is used for different purposes the main purpose of deficit financing is used to end the recession when the economic activity slow down in order to retrieve the economy in the better situation. In the third world countries like Pakistan the deficit financing becomes the requirement due to bad governance, insufficient spending policies, corruption, tax evasion, and insufficient tax collection. In the west the phrase Deficit Financing is used to explain the intentionally create a difference between public revenues and expenditures or the budget deficit. This gap or difference can be filled by public borrowing, commercial banks, and central bank. The idle saving of is used to fill this gap that in turn increase the employment and output of the country. Deficit financing is the most important tool of generating capital in developing and underdeveloped countries. In developed nation the new currency notes are used to support the public investment that in turn increases the growth rate of a country. The government used the borrowed money for the development purposes i.e. railways, roads, air services, social overhead capital, schools, hospitals etc. The deficit financing is also used to increase the economic activity of a private sector in the country. The monetary expansion in developing countries attached with high rate of borrowing from banks and international sources to finance their budget deficit, budget deficit is the one factor that contributes in disequilibrium in the balances of payments. In developing countries governments are unable to mobilize or use their domestic resources due to inefficient tax system, in such countries the capital market are also underdeveloped and the interest rate determines institutionally. In such circumstances the supply of money increase that causes an increase in the price level. There are different sources of financing the economic development; these resources are domestic resources and foreign resources. Domestic resources are those in which the government finances through taxation, public borrowing, and the saving of government that include the surplus and also include the deficit financing. The foreign source of finance consists of loans, grants, and private investment. The significance of both domestic and foreign resources has their own in developing countries. The most important thing is used to execute these resources in a way that maximum benefit can be achieved for rapid development. Background of the problem Pakistan is a large country with a population of 17.50 million in 2010. The economy of Pakistan is still facing the low level of per capita income that is stranded at 699 US $ in December 2012. In Pakistan the ratio of the budget deficit is different in different years. From last two decades the budget deficit is 5.4% to 8.7% of GDP. The average deficit rate was 6% in the period of 1970and it was 7.6% in the period of 1980.In 1990s the deficit ratio was decreased to 6.4% of GDP due to a reduction in development expenditure. The ratio was not achieved by enhancing the tax system but due to the reduction in the development expenditure. The Pakistan tax system is still narrow and punctured due to the poor and weak tax administration. The balance of payments deficit has become a permanent problem of Pakistans economy. For the last fifty years Pakistan has been facing continuously from a current account deficit. The international loans are used to finance the deficit. The debt service charged more than 5% of the GDP of the country. With large budget deficit there is need of rapid growth of domestic credit. In underdeveloped countries the role of free capital markets is limited. The main source of government deficit is financed by the banking system. Like other developing countries Pakistan is also facing a large budget deficit as the most outstanding problem. Deficit financing is also responsible for high inflation rate, decrease growth rate, and low opportunities for private investment. Pakistan faces different rates of the budget deficit in different years. In last two decade the budget deficit ratio was 5.4% -8.7% of GDP. The ratio was 7.6% in 1980s the ratio became 7.6% in 2001- 2002. The rate of budget deficit in Pakistan has grown consistently with the passage of time. At the time of 80sthe budget deficit has increased as much as faster than the early periods and touched the ratio of 8.4% in 1987-88. The rate of budget deficits has decreased to 7% but that ratio was also considered high one of the experts. Due to large budget deficit there was a high rate borrowing is used to responsible for an increase in the domestic debts since 1980-81. In the period of 90s the severe situation faced by the State Bank of Pakistan to control inflation within the targeted limit and make sure the macroeconomic stability. In the fiscal year of 1998 and 2003 the rate of inflation was 4.6% that were relatively lesser the best rate. In early 1973 and 1980 the inflation rate was two digit figures that were 14.3%. The rate of inflation controlled in the period of 1980 that was 7.2% per annum but unfortunately the rate of inflation again grown to 10% per annum. The high rate of inflation also caused due to excess money supply, fiscal imbalances, and deficit finance sources. Problem Formulation Chaudary and Hamid (2001)Pakistan are facing severe obstacles of generating public revenue. The persistent failure in attainment of public revenue leads the public sector to depend on public borrowing. The result is that the public debt goes to increase the rate of 90% of GDP and the rate of budget deficit increase to 8% of GDP. The figure of budget deficit lead to double digit inflation (ref). These imbalances adversely affect the economy. These problems all are interconnected with each other in order to decrease the public revenues that in turn create the hindrance to meet the needs of the public expenditures. In this regard the efforts are made to improve the taxation system that is not based on the scientific approach, thats why the to attain the target of achieving the projected target failed continuously. The result is that it is not only used to meet the demands of development projects because at that time it not able to meet the demand of the current expenditure. In Pakistan the less than 1% population is taxpayer. According to the economic survey of (1998-99) Pakistan has experienced the sustainable growth rate more than three decades till 1990. Pakistans economy grew at the rate of 6% per annum more than three decades but the situation became adverse in 1990. The collection of tax also became very adverse at a satisfactory level. The other developing nations like Pakistan at the age of early growth need to get higher revenue than the developed nations. Due to the obstacles that prevail in getting the higher growth rate this could lead to the unsustanability to survive. According to the economic survey of 1998-99 the growth rate of Pakistan goes to down at 4.5% per annum, the ratio was about 6% in the last 3 decades and same ratio was 3% for few years. The deficit finance is the result of failure in an increase in the public sector to increase their savings. The trend shows that the efforts made in collecting taxes do not meet the demand of the public. It is important to note that Pakistan is not attaining the targeting revenue through tax. According to world development report (1979, 1991and 1997) the rate of tax collecting in the other developing countries is 25%. In the period of 1998-99 the tax shortfall was approximately 20%; it shows that there is need of detailed study of the tax reform system. The economic crises over in 2008, Pakistan have enjoyed greater economic activity. The policy maker in Pakistans fights a battle against the crisis hit in 2008-2009. The sudden increase in the oil prices also causes the alarming situation for the deficit in foreign debt and also decrease the value of the rupee. Pakistan made efforts to seek the international monetary fund after the allies of China, USA, and Saudi Arabia to refuse to provide the funds to the country in October 2008. Pakistan has provided the US$ 1 billion loan for 23 months. Pakistan asked the IMF to raise their loan from US47.6 billion to US$ 12.1 billion in February 2009. In august 2009 the IMF increases the time span to 25 months and increase the grant to US$11. 3 billion to meet their financial needs. Previous studies Ishfaq and Chaudhary (1999)The debt history of Pakistan started in 1984-85, when the surplus revenues turned into a deficit. The fiscal deficit and debt converted into multiple rates. The total deficit rate was Rs 89.2 billion in 1990-91 that rate was increased to 66% in 1997-98 and approximately to Rs 148 billion. The domestic debt was increased to 185 percent the amount increased Rs 448 billion to Rs 1280 billion and foreign debt increased to 156 percent the amount was Rs 272 billion to Rs 697 billion in the same time period. Pakistan has an opportunity to do some measures for the establishment of the macroeconomic indicator rather than to go for deficit financing for generating the revenue. In the mid of the 2008 the Pakistan started registering the imbalance in the overall economy. At the end of the 2008 the Pakistan fiscal deficit was increased to $ 5.6 billion that exceed to $ 8 billion. The trade deficit also increases to $ 13 billion to $ 18 billion. Foreign reserve has fallen to decrease to $ 6.5 billion. (Baig, 2011) Pakistan forced to take the help from the IMF in order to get financing for the deficit finance of their economy. The help provided by the IMF was the package of $6.7 billion that was later increased to $ 11.3 billion in 2009. The IMF also helped Pakistan by providing bilateral and multilateral aid that also causes to increase external debt and liabilities to $ 54 billion from $ 41 billion in January 2008. Pakistan is also used to sovereign bonds and sindak bonds in order to use another form of deficit financing. This also creates a problem for a country to repurchase these bonds according to their specified time table or schedule because different countries have different foreign currencies. In these situation investors does not show their concern toward the investment. (Baig, 2011) These both measures are taken by the international market that is not so enough for the needs of the Pakistan and then government compelled toward the third mode of deficit finance monetization. The Pakistani government relies on the domestic borrowing that is the cause of disparities in the debt dynamics. The domestic debt borrowing increased to 24% in the mid of 2008. Pakistan domestic debt was multiplied from Rs 2610 to Rs 4490 in the fiscal year of 2007.At the end of March 2010 Pakistan domestic debt was $ 53.2 billion which was appoximately30.6% of GDP. All the source of the deficit finance is failing to attain the desired results and lead the economy toward the negative direction. By the mid of 2010 Pakistans total domestic debt reached to $ 100 billion and there is already paid interest about $5.6 billion and debt servicing amounted $ 7.6 billion annually that was expected to cross the limit of $ 10 billion after the fiscal year of 2010-11. (Baig, 2011) Deficit finance works only when there are such sound policies that direct the planners that how to spend money in a way that raise debt, generate revenues and also plan some actionable ideas that directs that how to repay the debt. For the attainment of all these targets there should be a need of honest and sincere governors that Pakistan does not have. In this way we are able to increase the debt and rising the liabilities that is useful for the upcoming generation to pay off that. The money that is used to spend on the future of the Pakistani people should also be spent on the future of Pakistan that could be served as the bureaucracy, foreign visit, corruption and government functionaries. Today the Pakistan debt situation is alarming and we have no plans that how to raise sustainable revenues and having no idea that how to accumulate the external and domestic debt. We have very few and tough choices to make serious and valuable decisions. (Baig, 2011) Causes of Deficit Financing in Pakistan The main causes of deficit financing in Pakistan are: Increase in government expenditure: The government expenditures both development and non development are increasing as time passes. The government has not been able to meet the expenditure by its revenues. Ineffective budget deficit: There are ineffective fiscal policies implemented in Pakistan and fiscal indiscipline also result the public debt. Fiscal deficit: The average fiscal deficit in 1990s was 7% of GDP. The public debt increased from 66% of GDP in 1980 that almost 100% by the mid of 2000. In 2004-2005 the fiscal deficit was 3.3% of GDP however; it increased to 4.2% in 2006-2007. Low saving: The people of Pakistan are consumption oriented. Due to high consumption rate the saving ratio was lower than 16%. Rapid population growth: The rapid population growth also a main cause to slow down the economic activity of a country. According to economic survey of 2007-2008 the population growth was 1.8%. In underdeveloped countries the increase in money supply is one of the major causes of disequilibrium in the balance of payment with heavy government borrowing from banks and as well as from international source of finance. In such developing countries government relies on the deficit financing due to unable to use their domestic sources due to the inflexible tax structure. The capital market of such underdeveloped nations is not able to determine the interest rate and the interest rate was determined by the institutions that in case the result of excess money supply. Purpose Statement The rationale of this study is used to test the theory of association that relates the dependent variables and independent variables. Here in this study the factors (exchange rate, inflation, tax, interest rate) that is affected by the deficit financing are independent variables and GDP is dependent variable. Its individuality will be statistically restricted in this study. Objective of Study The following objective will be paying consideration to guide the study. To study the impact of deficit finance on the exchange rate To analyze the effect of deficit financing on the tax rates. To study the impact of deficit finance on the interest rate. Significance of Study Our study is about the impact of exchange rate, inflation, taxes and interest rate on deficit financing. In which we will see that how the factors are directly or indirectly affect by the deficit financing.

The Internet’s Impact on Stock Trading Essay -- Cause Effect Essays

"The Internet’s Impact on Stock Trading" Before the internet, stock trading was done exclusively through brokers. Now that computers and technology have apparent strongholds in the realm of stock trading, more people have access to the market. This essay shares some experiences that online stock trading services and day traders have had due to the radical movement of online trading. The essay commences with a fictional anecdote that describes one man’s unfortunate experience through online trading. It then moves to some non-fictional examples. One company was forced to leave the prospect of trading behind and had to close its services. Another has found refuge in expanding its holdings by moving its primary focus away from online trading services after gaining its initial capital exclusively through this form of business. Individual investors have also gained and lost through internet stock trading. In one example, a retired nurse moves her retirement fund into the stock market in order to make money. And in another, a man invests in technological stock but realizes that they are not as strong as he once thought two years prior. Each of these entities has been affected by the decline in the stock market, and not all were winners. Using research gathered from other publications, this essay’s goal is to focus on the importance of online stock trading and to demonstrate, through analysis, the claim that the industry is vulnerable to an extended decline in the stock market. It was going to be a sure fire way to make some quick money. In the late 1990’s, high technology and internet stocks were experiencing tremendous gains and a new way of trading stock was being developed. Online trading was in its ... ...sh. â€Å"Gains Allure; Fed up with Advice to Stay Put, Some Investors are Looking to Make a Quicker Buck.† 13 Aug 2002. LexisNexis Database. 29 Oct 2002. <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document/>. Glassman, James K. â€Å"Tech-Bashers Miss the Point.† 24 Feb. 2002. LexisNexis Database. 29 Oct. 2002. < http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document/>. Kanaley, Reid. â€Å"Herd has Veered Away from Online Investing.† 15 Oct. 2002. LexisNexis Database. 29 Oct. 2002. <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document/>. Tunick, Britt. â€Å"The Financial Supermarket.† 17 June 2002. LexisNexis Database. 29 Oct. 2002. < http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document/>. Wong, A.Y.L. â€Å"Ceasing of the Company’s Online Share Trading.† 12 July 2002. LexisNexis Database. 29 Oct. 2002. < http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/document/>.

Ethics and Law Enforcement Essay

Regardless if anyone knows it or not, everyone actually lives in accordance with some sort of ethical standard. Some may refer to it as a code, a creed, or even a motto; however ethics itself is defined as a set of moral principles or values (Meriam-Webster). Ethics is an extremely important aspect of society in general and is applicable in every profession, however it holds a higher regard in law enforcement. Law enforcement officers are entrusted by the public to not only uphold the laws and order of our society but also live by and obey them; they are given the highest authority in the United States; to take a citizens life if it is required. Without ethics there would be corruption which would lead to chaos and an unstable society being the polar opposite of what law enforcement stands for and represents. Ethics may be interpreted in many ways whether it is based by religion or by laws themselves but may also be summed up by doing what is right. There are different parts of ethics as well; a written standard, example, and enforcement that all combine to form what is known as ethics. Ethics can be interpreted as a set of rules regulating the manner in which an individual or group of individuals should act. The meaning itself is hard to single out as it can be defined by many different opinions. Is ethical behavior the same as being a law abiding citizen? Absolutely not; laws are more often than not based on ethical standards however some laws can easily deviate from what is considered to be truly ethical (Manuel Velasquez). For example, relative to what is presently considered unethical are the pre Civil War laws allowing slavery. During that era it was acceptable and lawful to be a slave owner and remained unchanged until the final period of the American Civil War. Throughout our history, federal ethics have been have been implemented in a responsive manner to issues that have surfaced and finally being accumulated in 1962 with the formation of Chapter 11 Title 18 United States Code. In 1989 former President Bush enacted the Ethics Reform Act of 1989 which attempted to ensure uniformity of ethics regulation throughout the government. Law enforcement agencies regardless of the jurisdictional level are all subsidiaries of the government and all agencies have a common goal which is to ensure justice fairly and uniformly; â€Å"one team, one fight† is a good descriptor for this commonality. Ethics is the same way, in order for law enforcement to accomplish its goal every agency must operate in a uniformed manner allowing for proficiency and efficiency. If law enforcement did not operate in such a way then order would be nonexistent and create chaos which leads us to integrity. Integrity is defined as a firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic value (Meriam-Webster). A practicable explanation of integrity is, â€Å"doing the right things, for the right reasons, even when no one is looking†. What good is an ethical standard if there is no integrity towards it? After creating the standard law enforcement must have the integrity to carry it out even when no one is looking; it is only then that the mission succeeds. Ethics can be broken down into three categories: a written code, leadership by example, and fair and vigorous enforcement. Any code of ethics should not only be known by the officers it covers but also by the public. By providing the ethical code in a written form this can be accomplished, then through initial training and periodic reinforcement it can continuously be disseminated to both audiences. An example of this is written code is as follows: â€Å"As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against deception, the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful against violence or disorder; and to respect the Constitutional rights of all men to liberty, equality and justice. I will keep my private life unsullied as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face of danger, scorn, or ridicule; develop self-restraint; and be constantly mindful of the welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the regulations of my department. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential nature or that is confided in me in my official capacity will be kept ever secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty. I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices, a nimosities or friendships to influence my decisions. With no compromise for crime and the relentless prosecution of criminals, I will enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear of favor, malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and never accepting gratuities. I recognize the badge of my office as a symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long as I am true to the ethics of the police service. I will constantly strive to achieve these objectives and ideals, dedicating myself before God to my chosen  profession†¦law enforcement† (Diltz). Each individual agency has some variance of the aforementioned ethical code and it serves as a moral guideline for its officers to live their personal and professional lives. Let’s analyze this code; what does it mean? The exampled code simply explains that the law enforcement officer’s duty is to enforce the laws and safeguard mankind; while in the performance of these duties it is imperative and right tha t the officer also respect the rights of the citizens. It further explains the professional conduct of the officer as not allowing personal feelings to affect their decisions and acknowledges that the badge is a symbol of public faith given to him and any deviation from an ethical behavior compromises that public trust. Law enforcement officers are expected to be the example and must preserve that expectation through their conduct and relationships with the communities. Everyone has heard the phrase, â€Å"Lead by example† at some point in their life. This is especially true in law enforcement because if we do not act in the same manner in which we expect our citizens to act our credibility becomes questionable. This concept is effective throughout the entire chain of command of any agency as well; if the upper echelon of leadership begins to cut corners then the idea of â€Å"if it is ok for the boss to do it, then it is ok for me to do it† will spread like wildfire. Then the public will observe this mentality and begin the same activity creating a full system breakdown in society. In regard to fair and vigorous enforcement this concept has the highest impact on society and ethical code. If the perception of unfair treatment and enforcement occurs then the entire system becomes invalid and fails. In order to help prevent this there must be a definitive explanation between core principles and tangents of those principals. A properly functioning system should be constructed to be proportional, nontrivial, and practical (Lenox). Ethical behavior is the action of applying the code of ethics to one’s own life. This action accomplishes the goal of fair and vigorous enforcement through the sense that not only must there be fair and vigorous enforcement of the code but also of the citizens. Law enforcement as a whole is incapable of completely deterring and serving justice alone; it is through the cooperation and assistance of the community in which we serve that we accomplish the mission wholly. Whether it is an anonymous tip or a confidential informant, those pieces of intelligence assist law enforcement  agencies in solving crimes, deterring crime, and ultimately keeping the communities safe. It is through the ethical behavior of the officers that interact with the community that preserves this relationship with the public. If ethical behavior became a low priority the entire system as a whole would eventually begin to collapse. Let us examine the public’s opinion of law enforcement compared to that of other social institutions. Throughout the past, various polling organizations have sought the public’s opinion of different social institutions and in 1993 law enforcement was added to that polling list. On average, law enforcement ranked from second to third place for having the public’s confidence and trust. Through ethics and upholding ethical behavior, it is possible for law enforcement to perform their duties efficiently and maintain the public’s opinion of them. In the same data the criminal justice system as a whole was ranked as having approximately twenty-four percent of the public’s confidence. According to The Administration of Justice Program at George Mason University, it is possible that the public associates the majority of the criminal justice system with lawyers who are â€Å"viewed by the public as among the least honest and ethical professionals, generating levels of confidence similar to those who sell cars and insurance. Another possibility is that the public is responding to the mission and motivations they attribute to police. If the police mission is seen as bringing wrongdoers to justice and helping those who are wronged, then that is a simpler, more easily conceived mission than one for the criminal justice system. The courts in particular, operate in theory at least as an adversarial system in which one side tries to convict wrongdoers and the other attempts to get them acquitted or minimize their punishment. Such a construction has a zero-sum quality, where the more one side wins, the more the other loses. Faced with assessing a more complex role, perhaps many citizens select one aspect or the other, and invariably find the courts wanting when they attempt to accomplish both simultaneously† (Catherine Gallagher). Regardless of the manner in which the data was determined by the public it is consistent with the idea that law enforcement is held to a higher standard and it is clearly imperative that law enforcement must continue to maintain strict integrity to their ethical standards. Through this the public faith will continue to maintain and even grow. In conclusion, we have defined ethics and integrity acknowledging the  importance of both and there necessity in law enforcement as a w hole. The ethical standard that law enforcement adheres to is truly important not because law enforcement is thought to be better than the average citizen but because they are held and expected to be of higher standard. If ethics was not held in such high regard than who would police the police? An ethical standard can be created but it is only through it existing in written form and being disseminated appropriately, followed by all through leadership by example, and enforcement to reinforce its importance that it becomes effective. With these aspects fulfilled it then becomes practicable and applied to the law enforcement officer’s life in his or her behavior. The public holds law enforcement to a higher standard because they see them as role models of society and expect them to act accordingly both professionally and personally. Any compromise to this expectation causes mistrust amongst the public towards police and leads to disorder. Law enforcement’s objectives in responding to calls for service are gaining control or compliance and resolution. With a lack of ethical conduct and mistrust or lack of faith in police these objectives become nearly impossible to achieve in a proportional manner. Bibliography Catherine Gallagher, Edward R. Maguire, Stephen D. Mastrofski, Michael D. Reisig. The Public Image of Police. 02 10 2001. 16 05 2011 . Diltz, Chuck and Ruth. Police Officer Code of Ethics. 2 12 2002. 16 05 2011 . Lenox, William. â€Å"Outline Of Rules Of Ethics For Employees And Officials For A Securities Regulatory Agency.† 5 4 2006. 12 5 2011 . Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer. What is Ethics? 2010. 16 05 2011 . Meriam-Webster. Defenition of Ethics. 1999. 12 05 2011 . —. Definition of Integrity. 1999. 17 05 2011 .

Obama’s Foreign Policy on China

President Barack Obama and his administration’s foreign policy toward China can be summed up in one word: conciliatory. Conciliatory is not in the form of any weakness or appeasement, but rather the realization that in the 21st century global market, China is a main player on the world stage. Obama’s foreign policies are a departure from the previous administration. George Bush’s unilateral foreign policies were deemed domineering, even belligerent.From an international standpoint, Anti-American sentiments were at an all-time high during Iraqi War driven years. In America, the domestic stance after 9/11 saw this as an extension of patriotism and commitment. Nowadays, both domestically and internationally, many pundits would argue that Obama’s policy record in China inspires hope and optimism. President Obama is acknowledging the fact of a much more multipolar world exists where America cannot take all of the leadership roles by itself. Yet, at the same tim e, the world cannot go forward without America.In this respect, China needs a wide open market where they can export all their manufactured goods to consumers worldwide. Thus, it is a mutual benefit for China to have good international relations with other societies to acquire raw materials and sell products to overseas companies. President Obama’s policies toward China reflect a forward marching multilateral approach that deliberates an equal level playing field in terms of economic opportunities so that not one country can monopolize or control the global market.There is a thin line when it comes to economic diplomacy and military presence, so in regards to the currency value of the Chinese Yuan/Renminbi, the Obama administration has used strategic requests to the World Trade Organization and United Nations to sanction China on purposely keeping their currency low. These formal accusations were discussed early this year between President Obama and President Hu Jintao. There has been a consensus among the world leaders to use fair trading practices to help benefit all the countries especially in the delicate market of Asia Pacific.In this regards, even though the move is controversial, President Obama has ramped up military presence in the Pacific to police the trade waters and to secure areas where there were less American presence in previous years. These movements have alarmed China and Japan in particular but with the WTO and UN backing some of the agreements, Obama is hoping China welcomes some of the military help not as a threat to China’s national interests but a welcomed ally to settle any disputes in international waters with the recent troubles with Japan and other regional issues that arise.President Obama said that he was pleased to see the â€Å"peaceful rise of China† and hoped to continue to support China in its currency matters to ensure a more balanced way of doing commerce. (US Policy 2012) In May of this year, China le t the renminbi hit a low of 0. 9 exchange value versus the dollar. China contends the economy was slowing â€Å"sharply† thus had no choice but to try to boost its exports as a way of mending some of the bleeding (NYTimes May, 2012) This has caused much headache for the United States because its trade deficit with China has gone over $290 billion dollars last year.The Obama administration has pressed hard for three years to let the renminbi to appreciate at a faster rate than it has been. Europe also has had some struggles with this fact because for China lowering the currency allows for competitive trade in exports but brings up the cost for imports so there is less competition inside China so its citizens benefit while other countries do not. In any case, Obama is trying to build lasting bridges of mutual respect so that in the long run, the peaceful rise will end with a peaceful future.In a sense, I believe every country must make its own interests ahead of the world to se cure its citizens every benefit that is known to man. But, on the other side, without a world, it is hard for a country to reap the benefits of trade if everyone increases tariffs or lowers their currency. This is a double-edge sword that does not have an easy solution so I understand both sides and that no country is living in a vacuum. There are a quite a bit of complexities and consequences to consider and I believe there will be a mutual success in this issue.Concerning Human Capital, the Obama Administration has also pressed hard to improve the human rights issues in China in terms of economic policies to benefit workers and their family situations. Historically, having the highest population at a staggering figure of over $1. 3 billion people, the human labor supply is more than available at any given moment. Thus, United States especially has outsourced countless manufacturing companies and jobs to China. This reality the President clearly stated will not change anytime in th e future so this must be an accepted reality. (Ivaneishvili 2012) So, he Obama administration has sharply criticized China for their lack of enforcement and laws to deal with such violations. But, this criticism as the State Department states applies to the United States as well, but the United States has laws to deal with this issues so the criticism is being put in a way not to outfight offend Chinese policies but to encourage an increase in the priority of the Chinese government to follow up actions to remedy the situation (Berg 2012). The State Department also applauded China for the actions that China already has taken to ensure better working conditions and labor rates.This issue hurts at the heart of any country because human capital affects the very lives each person is trying to save. The truth of the matter in my opinion is that every country does have gross human rights issues. The problems in China are magnified and pressed by most countries because of the sheer number o f human labor that exists in China. Thus, as China continues to rise and become an economic superpower as it is becoming, those concerns will be dealt with because the people inside will and cannot stand for harsh living conditions.But, this is also the crux of the matter because if the people inside working in those factories do not care, how will the bosses ever face the truth and do something about it. Moreover, the Chinese government must also take steps to allow unions to form and protest to go on even though that might be against the government itself. As long as peaceful protests are taking place, a mutually healthy society with certain liberties will allow for better conditions all around. The sanctions or false accusations only lead to more difficult climate for genuine diplomacy to take place.The Obama Administration has done their best to limit some of the criticisms, instead, suggesting some ideas and working out plausible solutions to ensure the embassies on the ground in China can be an instrument to help both sides make the right judgments and calls on the spot for every situation that may arise (Berg 2012). Countries are going to continue to outsource jobs into China because of such cheap labor. In this sense, Americans can obtain ever increasingly cheaper products while China gains more jobs for its citizens.I do not see any reason for not forming better political allies in this respect. Lastly, there has been heated contention on the political issues vis-a-vis North Korea, Iran, and Taiwan that affect the globe economically. President Obama and his administration have recently sanctioned some banks in China that have allegedly used to fund certain radical Muslim groups and Iranian nuclear proliferation aims. The Chinese government certainly denies any wrongdoing on the part of the government and so that is not the issue (NYTimes 2012).There is no doubt China and India have become large consumers of oil and natural resources over the last few years have shifted the market that oil and coal producers desperately needed (Chang 2012). Iran and the Middles East supply most of the oil for China while America has supplied a lot of the coal for China. The rate of increase is at a huge figure of 8% a quarter growth. That is a huge supply. This type of consumption has been a blessing for many number of countries including the United States so the Obama Administration on these terms are delicate to file complaints on behalf of International Labor Unions, but he has to his credit.On the other hand, many countries including China appreciate American presence but not American intervention. To connect to two issues, some of China’s unilateral policies with these countries affect national security and oil prices in America. Thus, the two are irrevocably tied together. It is not only China but Russia as well. The State Department has taken certain measures to cut the finances of certain groups or countries that have ties to terro rist organizations and nuclear goals. North Korea has been one of the countries that China seems to be passive towards.President Obama has been careful to be too unilateral or assertive in these matters but with the recent change in power in North Korea and the upcoming elections in Iran, there is a vested interest in the Obama administration to secure a more peaceful region in Asia and the Middle East. The purpose of terror is to disable and terrorize Western populations as a whole so the pressure from Americans and other Western countries to secure the Middle East has set a fire to Obama’s more multilateral approach (Obama 2012).The research is not there for an easy explanation for these events and situations. I can see why China continues to have relationships with Russia and Iran. I can also speculate why the continued help to North Korea. Most of these countries do sit right on the border of China so that reason is obvious to keep your friends close and enemies closer, b ut that is just it. I do feel they are enemies of China rather mutual partners. I think this is what America and Obama worries about. I believe the best ways to go about this for both countries are for more transparent policies without fine print.Relationships cannot be built on lies and deception and in my fair and balanced view, there has been plenty of that from both sides, so it is important to be transparent and open in the discussions to help liberty and economic success to grow. In this way, a peaceful China and peaceful Middle East helps everyone prosper. In conclusion, President Obama and his administration have embarked on a different path from the previous administration because of the new world order that we all face in the world. Conciliatory as a method for foreign policy has been an effective means to not isolate one country over another.In other terms, using multilateral agreements and combined pressures have made progress in China. I believe one taste of liberty, an y person or group cannot wait for more so as China grows economically, it is the best interest of both countries to help one another in terms of currency, human rights, and political allies incidentally natural resources. The growth of China in recent years has been tremendous and there is so much room for it to grow more. Internally, Obama has repeated that the people in China as consumers need to consume more (US Policy 2012).This goes without saying and I believe that is happening in China. President Barack Obama is up for re-election and I am not sure who is going to win but there have been pretty strong words in regards to China and foreign policy so this paper is an interesting and important topic of study. The economist writes â€Å"Chasing the Anti-China Vote† as an article to speak of the elections. But, I happen to agree with Obama that outsourcing and manufacturing in China is there to stay so the way forward is not unilateral changes or demands. I believe China do es need America’s presence in the pacific as a police figure to help.It is similar to the situations at the turn of the 20th century. China did not accept then, and I do not believe China will accept now but surely, there will have to be some compromises made on each side and I for one look forward to healthier and brighter future for both populations since I am a product of both.Works Cited Berg, Rebecca. â€Å"In Meetings, U. S. Presses Beijing on Rights. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . Chang, Gordon G. â€Å"How China Will Restructure the Oil Market. † Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 24 June 2012. Web. 7 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Chasing the Anti-China Vote. † The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Obama Foreign Policy Doctrine: Preparing America to Succeed in Multipolar World | IVANEISHVILI | Journal of Social Sciences. † Obama Foreign Policy Doctrine: Preparing America to Succeed in Multipolar World | IVANEISHVILI | Journal of Social Sciences. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Obama's Rudderless China, Russia Policy. † a Global Public Square. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Remarks By President Obama to the Australian Parliament. The White House. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Research. , Jane Perlez; Bree Feng Contributed. â€Å"DIPLOMATIC MEMO; Political Worries in U. S. and China Color Obama Aide's Beijing Visit. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 26 July 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. . Shanghai. , Keith Bradsher; Xu Yan Contributed Research From. â€Å"China Lets Its Currency Depreciate. † The New York Times. The New York Times, 01 June 2012. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"USPolicy. † Obama and Chinese Vice President Xi Before Their Meeting. N. p. , n. d. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. .